翻譯

There major factors determine how air circulates in the atmosphere and helps distribute heat and moisture from the tropics to other parts of the world. First is the uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sun. air is heated much more at the equator, where the sun’s rays strike directly, than at the poles, where sunlight strikes at a slanted angle and spreads out over a much greater area. These differences in the distribution of incoming solar energy help explain why tropical regions near the equator are hot, why polar generally have intermediate average temperatures. Temperature also generally becomes progressively colder as elevation above sea level increases in the lower atmosphere.
A second factor is the rotation of the earth on its axis. As the earth rotates around
Its axis, its equator air masses rising above the equator and moving north and south to cooler areas are deflected to the west or east over different parts of the planer’s surface. the direction of air movement in the resulting huge regions in the atmosphere called cells sets up belts of prevailing winds-major surface winds that blow almost continuously and distribute air, heat, moisture, and dust over the earth’s surface.
那裡主要因素確定怎麼空氣在大氣流通，并且幫助分佈熱和濕氣從熱帶到世界的其他地區。 首先是地球的表面的參差不齊的熱化在星期日以前。 加熱空氣much more在赤道，太陽的光芒直接地碰撞，比在杆，陽光觸擊在一個傾斜的角度并且伸長在一個更加巨大的區域。 在接踵而來的solar energy幫助的發行上的這些區別解釋為什麼熱帶地區在赤道附近是熱的，為什麼極性一般有中間平均溫度。 當海拔在海水平之上在低空，增加溫度一般也變得進步地更冷。
第二個因素是地球的自轉在它的軸。 當地球在它的軸附近轉動，它的上升在赤道之上的赤道氣團和運動的南北到更加涼快的區域偏轉對整平機的表面的西部或東部不同的零件。 空中活動的方向在發生的巨大的地區在稱細胞的大氣設定了幾乎連續吹并且分佈空氣、熱、濕氣和塵土在地球的表面戰勝的風主要地面風的傳送帶。

第4章的相關影片

台灣國家公園全球生物多樣性的影片:[森林篇]http://www.wretch.cc/video/yoy606&func=single&vid=5224371
天擇(nature selection)的講解
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=mvhQsFxit_0
此影片在介紹天擇，一開始在解說課文，然後用瓢蟲解說，再講解到DNA的部分，講說DNA影響瓢蟲的表現型，不同表現型的瓢蟲存活率也不同。

5-1~-5-2

5-1 what factor influence climate?
什麼因素影響氣候?
The earth has many different climates
地球有許多不同的氣候
weather 天氣
climate 氣候
latitude 緯度
elevation 海拔
Global air circulation and ocean currents distribute heat and precipitation unevenly
全球空氣流通和洋流散發熱量和降水不均
currents 電流
density 密度
Greenhouse gases warm the lower atmosphere
溫室氣體使大氣暖和
The earth's surface features affect local climates
地球表面特徵影響本地氣候
5-2 how does climate affect the nature and location of biomes?
氣候如何影響自然界和生物聚落
Climate affects where organisms can live氣候影響生物環境
biomes 生物社會
There are three major types of deserts那有三個主要類型的沙漠
desert 沙漠
permafrost 永久凍土
There are three major types of forests那有三個主要類型的森林
forest system 森林系
Mountains play important ecological roles山是生態扮演重要的角色

4-4~4-5

4-4 how do extinction, speciation, and human activities affect biodiversity?
滅絕、物種形成和人類活動如何影響生態多樣性
How do new species evolve?
如何形成新物種?
speciation 物種形成
geographic isolation 地理隔離
reproductive isolation 生殖隔離
Extinction is forever滅絕是永遠
extinction 滅絕
endemic species 特有物種
Species become extinct individually and in large groups物種大範圍地分別地滅絕
background extinction 背景滅絕
mass extinction 大滅絕
Human activities can cause the premature extinction of species人類活動可能導致物種提早滅絕4-5 how might genetic engineering affect evolution?
基因工程可能影響演化嗎?
We have developed two ways to change the genetic traits of populations
我們制定兩種方法來改變遺傳種群的性狀
artifical selection 人擇
genetically modified organisms 轉基因生物體
genetic engineering 基因工程
Our ability to manipulate genes holds great promise but raises some serious questions
我們有能力去操縱基因擁有很大的希望，但引起一些嚴重的問題

4-1~4-3

4-1 what is biological evolution and how does it occur?
什麼事生物演變並且她怎麼發生
Biological evolution is the scientific explanation of how the earth's life changes over time
生物演變是科學解是地球的生命如何隨著時間的推移變化　　
biological evolution 生物演變
theory of evolution 進化論
The genetic makeup of a population can change族群的基因組成可能改變
mutations 突變
Individuals in populations with beneficial genetic traits can leave more offspring
個人在人群中的遺傳性狀有利於留下更多的後代
natural selection 天擇　
adaptation 適應作用
differential reproduction
微分複製
4-2 How do geological and climate changes affect evolution?
地質和氣候如何影響演化?
Geologic processes affect natural selection
地質過程影響天擇
Climate change and catastrophes affect natural selection
氣候變化和自然災害影響天擇
4-3 what is an ecological niche?
生態地位是什麼?
Each species plays a unique role in its ecosystem
每一個物種扮演獨特的角色在生態系中
ecological niche 生態位
generalist species 一般種
specialist species 特別種